Basic Turbocharger Troubleshooting Guide
Why Change your Turbocharger?
The main reason for swapping out a turbocharger usually relates to wear. Depending on installation, maintenance and driving factors or environmental conditions; a turbo can last the entire vehicle life or at an extreme, as little as a few months (usually due to incorrect installation procedures). It is critical when turbocharger troubleshooting to make sure that other factors affecting the engine and turbo are looked at in a wholistic way rather than just immediately focusing on the turbo only.
Wear usually becomes apparent from excess noise, lack of boost or exhaust smoke. Any excess noise when due to wear (and not from air or exhaust noise when leaks in gaskets and seals) is often from the bearing(s) and / or compressor wheel (less commonly from the turbine side). Wear in bearings or a mis-balance in the compressor wheel can produce excessive radial play in the rotor whereby the wheel is off axis and makes contact with the barrel of the compressor housing. This can be heard often as a higher pitch noise.
Abnormally fast wear or failure soon after install is most likely due to dirty oil with impurities or low pressure oil supply to turbo and or high pressure in oil drain to sump. (see below discussion for more information on seal leakage)
To check this condition, remove the air intake tube between the air filter and the compressor and wiggle the compressor wheel to see if there is excess play. There is commonly a few millimetres of play / tolerance, but where shaft moves enough to contact housing and ‘scraping’ is visible, this indicates wear. The turbo should be replaced immediately in such conditions.
Lack of boost can indicate general wear in a turbo especially if it is a variable vane turbo and there is wear in the exciter ring that controls the vanes and hence the boost produced. More likely reasons for general issues involving low boost include vacuum or wastegate or air pressure issues due to seal gas leakage etc.
Low range rev issues or rough running is more likely to relate to an Air Flow Meter if one is fitted to the vehicle.
Excess smoke may not be related to a turbo issue, but may indicate general engine wear and tear (especially piston rings/ cylinders). This is especially where smoke is a blue-ish colour – the oil is being burnt in the engine and coming out the exhaust.
A grey-ish colour can indicate oil passing oil seals in turbo and heating in exhaust system on way out. Both conditions are usually comfirmed by excess oil use and the need to top up the engine sump for lost oil. Once again, under such conditions, it is highly recommended to replace the turbo.
See below for more details on turbo charger oil seal leaks.
A Common Issue Addressed – Turbocharger Troubleshooting of Oil Leaks
Of all problems encountered with turbochargers, oil leaks are a relatively common issue. Often the problem is not in the turbo itself, but rather a perhiperal maintenance or turbo installation issue.
Oil may be seen inside the turbocharger, inside the compressor or turbine, on either side of these respective housing seals.
The seals function foremost to prevent pressurised vapour from turbo operation from entering the engine crankcase. Secondarily these seals they act to prevent oil escaping the centre housing and into either the compressor or turbine side of the turbo.
Compressor Oil Leak
A change in pressure due to air restriction or air leakage can cause the drawing of oil via vacuum into the housing of the compressor. Restriction can be caused increasingly by a dirty air filter if it is not changed regularly.
A more common cause is blockages or incorrect pressures in the oil drain line causing oil to breach the seals on the compressor side of the housing. This can force oil into the intercooler (if installed) and cylinder head. See below for further causes.
Turbine Oil Leak
Oil leaks on the turbine side are a more obvious symptom as oil leaving the turbine will heat in the exhaust system and produce excessive smoke at the tailpipe, sometimes seen as a greyish colour. It is often mis-diagnosed when turbocharger troubleshooting as a seal problem.
A few reasons for this include wear in the engine such as rings or cylinders, blocked oil drainage pipe or blocked oil sump ventilation.
In the case of blocked drainage or sump ventilation, the fault lies with internally damaged or kinked drain lines or pressure build up in the crank case due to poor ventilation or an over-filled oil sump.
Checking the Vehicle and Peripheral Systems
As turbocharger troubleshooting is as much about the vehicle (and turbocharger installation) as the turbo itself, there ar a few things to check perhiperal to the turbocharger itself when diagnosing an issue:
1) Make sure all pipes and air filters are clean and seals or gaskets are air-tight.
2) Make sure all oil lines are in good condition, and free from damage (especially internally where it damage may be less obvious).
3) If a valve exists in the oil line to check oil from seeping back into the turbo, make sure that valve is operating coprrectly.
4) If the system has an oil scavenge pump make sure that it is operating and drawing oil correctly.
5) Where no pump exists, make sure the return oil line has its entire length sloping vertically towards the drain.
6) Make sure oil drains back to the sump unrestricted to a port that is above the level of oil in the sump and / or that the oil sump is not overfilled.
7) Similarly crankcase pressures must remain low to allow oil back in from the return line, so any blockage to the ventilation system in the crankcase may create a pressure build up. This could force oil back up the return line and into the turbo, breaching the seals. Check that the crank case is breathing properly.
